上海市高考英语 阅读理解试题(含答案)
一、高中英语阅读理解
1．阅读理解 
    Babies born in summer are more likely to become short-sighted in late life, a study has shown.
    As many as a quarter of all cases of short-sightedness are caused by too great an exposure to sunlight in the first weeks of life, say eye experts.
    They are advising all parents to put sunglasses on their babies during the first weeks.
    Scientists had already established that over-exposure to sunlight caused shortsightedness in animals.
    Researchers who compared the months in which babies were born with whether they needed glasses later on say the principle also applies to humans.
    A study of almost 300, 000 young adults-the largest of its kind-showed that those born in June and July had a 25 per cent greater chance of becoming severely short-sighted than those born in December or January.
    Research leader Professor Michael Belkin, of Tel Aviv University, said it was because prolonged illumination(光照) causes the eyeball to lengthen-causing short-sightedness.
    Hence the more light a newborn is exposed to, the more the eyeball lengthens and the worse the short-sightedness will be.
    The mechanism which lengthens the eyeball is associated with levels of melatonin(褪黑激素), a pigment (素) which protects the skin against harmful rays of the sun.
    In young babies not enough melatonin is released as protection, meaning they are more vulnerable to sunburn and changes to eyeball shape.
    Sight expert Professor Daniel O'Leary, of Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, said "At the moment we don't know the precise cause of why light exposure affects sight, but t
he evidence seems to prove that it is one of the reasons for people becoming shortsighted."
（1）Babies born in summer are more likely to be shortsighted ____________.           
hermitA. because the summer sun is too strong for babies
B. because babies born in summer have lengthened eyeballs
C. if they are exposed too much sunlight in the first weeks after they are born  D  if parents don't know a proper way to protect their babies' eyes
（2）Melatonin is a kind of material to ___________.           
A. prevent the eyes from becoming near-sighted     B. protect the skin from harmful sun rays
C. make our body strong                                             D. protect babies' eyes from summer sun
（3）From what Professor Daniel O'Leary says we can conclude that ___________.           
A. there is no evidence that shortsightedness is related to exposure to sunlight
B. whether light exposure affects sight still needs to be further proved
C. he believes that light exposure can cause shortsightedness
D. he tries to give the cause of why light exposure affects sight
（4）The underlined word "vulnerable" in the passage probably means __________.           
A. easy to be harmed                   B. resistant                   C. protective                   D. changeable
【答案】 （1）C
（2）B
（3）C
（4）A 
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明在夏季出生的婴儿长大后更容易成为近视眼，眼科专家称多达四分之一的近视眼病例是由于在出生后前几周里暴露阳光太久造成。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段和第二段可知，眼科专家称：在夏季出生的婴儿长大后更容易成为近视眼，因为由于婴儿在出生后前几周里暴露阳光太久造成。故选C 。
（2）考查推理判断。根据倒数第三段中的“The mechanism which lengthens the eyeball is associated with levels of melatonin(褪黑激素), a pigment (素) which protects the skin against harmful rays of the sun.“可知，褪黑激素是一种可以保护皮肤不受阳光紫外线伤害的素。故选B。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段可知，剑桥大学的 视学专家Daniel O'Leary教授相信暴露在阳光下会导致人们近视眼。故选C。
（4）考查词义猜测。在婴幼儿时期，没有产生足够的褪黑激素作为保护，婴幼儿更容易被阳光灼伤，并且改变眼球的形状。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
2．（2019•浙江）阅读理解 
    California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor（因素）.
    The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
    Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.